Question-linked references
As listed in the book’s Notes and Sources. Outbound PubMed/DOI links appear only for sources we have verified against PubMed and Crossref; the rest are pending verification.
R1
Sacks DB et al. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:e151–e199. doi:10.2337/dci23-0036.
Insulin testing: the guideline does not recommend routine insulin or proinsulin measurement for most people with diabetes or cardiovascular/diabetes risk. This is different from targeted specialist testing.
Questions: 47, 55, 65, 138, 140
PubMed 37471273DOI 10.2337/dci23-0036✓ Verified
R2
Demay MB et al. Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;109:1907–1947. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae290.
Disease prevention in generally healthy populations; not a replacement for management of established deficiency, malabsorption, or bone disease.
R3
Neeland IJ, Linge J, Birkenfeld AL. Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;26(suppl 4):16–27. doi:10.1111/dom.15728.
Review of heterogeneous body-composition findings; lean mass is not synonymous with skeletal muscle or strength.
Questions: 149, 150, 153, 184, 241, 272
PubMed 38937282DOI 10.1111/dom.15728✓ Verified
R4
Blumenthal RS et al. 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.016.
Risk-selected treatment goals; Lp(a) at least once and selective ApoB and coronary calcium assessment. Guideline recommendations do not make every test appropriate for every adult.
Questions: 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 41, 55, 59, 65, 274
Link pending verification
R5
Manson JE et al. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2017;318:927–938. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11217.
Long-term follow-up did not establish an overall mortality advantage from the studied hormone regimens. Timing and symptom-treatment decisions require a separate benefit–risk discussion.
R6
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Labeling Changes to Menopausal Hormone Therapy Products. February 12, 2026.
The announcement concerns an initial set of six products. A boxed-warning change is not evidence that every contraindication or risk has disappeared.
Link pending verification
R7
Raj SR, Fedorowski A, Sheldon RS. Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. CMAJ. 2022;194:E378–E385. doi:10.1503/cmaj.211373.
Diagnostic criteria include chronic symptoms, sustained orthostatic tachycardia, absence of significant orthostatic hypotension, and exclusion of alternative explanations.
Questions: 42
PubMed 35288409DOI 10.1503/cmaj.211373✓ Verified
R8
Rinella ME et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797–1835. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323.
Sequential fibrosis assessment; FIB-4 interpretation changes with age and is unreliable in certain settings. Terminology has since evolved toward MASLD/MASH.
R9
Novartis. Lp(a)HORIZON phase III topline results for pelacarsen in patients with elevated Lp(a) and established cardiovascular disease. September 4, 2026.
Sponsor topline announcement of a missed primary endpoint; not a substitute for full peer-reviewed trial data and not a disproof of every Lp(a) mechanism or treatment.
Link pending verification
R10
GRAIL. Full NHS-Galleri trial results presented at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting. May 2026; see trial factsheet and presentation.
Sponsor report: combined stage III/IV primary endpoint in the prespecified cancer group was not met. Secondary stage findings and episode sensitivity are different endpoints; mortality benefit remains unresolved.
Link pending verification
R11
US Food and Drug Administration. Molecular and Clinical Genetics Panel, September 23, 2026: 24-hour summary, Galleri premarket approval application.
Advisory votes are recommendations, not FDA marketing approval. Regulatory status must be checked again before publication or clinical use.
Questions: 229
Link pending verification
R12
US Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting materials, July 23–24, 2026.
Substance-specific briefing materials and recommendations. An advisory vote, FDA approval, and lawful compounding are distinct questions; check current policy.
Questions: 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300
Link pending verification
R13
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Oral PCSK9 Inhibitor to Lower LDL Cholesterol in Adults with High Cholesterol. July 2026.
Enlicitide approval for LDL lowering. Do not equate that endpoint with a completed enlicitide cardiovascular-outcome trial.
Link pending verification
R14
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First New Molecular Entity Under National Priority Voucher Program: Foundayo (orforglipron). April 1, 2026.
Indication-specific weight-management approval, not an approval to extend life in lean healthy people.
Link pending verification
R15
Eisai. FDA Approves LEQEMBI IQLIK Subcutaneous Injection as an Initiation Dose for Early Alzheimer’s Disease. July 13, 2026.
Product-specific administration update; modest efficacy, ARIA risk, eligibility, and MRI monitoring remain relevant.
Link pending verification
R16
Merck and Moderna. Phase 3 INTerpath-001 trial of intismeran autogene plus pembrolizumab met recurrence-free and distant metastasis-free survival endpoints. August 19, 2026.
Sponsor topline report in resected stage IIB–IV melanoma. Distinguish these findings from earlier phase 2 follow-up and from vaccines for people without cancer.
Questions: 415
Link pending verification
R17
Garrison SR et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;9:CD009402. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009402.pub3.
Little evidence of clinically important benefit for ordinary idiopathic cramps in older adults; deficiency treatment and other indications are separate.
R18
ORION-4 Collaborative Group. HPS-4/TIMI 65/ORION-4 trial design, recruitment, and baseline characteristics. American Heart Journal. 2026;303:107546. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2026.107546.
Dedicated inclisiran cardiovascular-outcome testing remains separate from LDL lowering and from completed antibody outcome trials.
Questions: 274
Link pending verification